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There Are No Christian Nationalists!

There Are No Christian Nationalists!
Larry Hart, D.Min.

Without Subtlety of Speech
Let me as blunt as a rock, as straight forward as 1 + 1, as literal and direct as a manual on how to use a hammer. There are no Christian nationalists! The expression is an oxymoron, a contradiction in terms. It is like saying someone is falsely true, violently peaceful, or cowardly courageous. I know people like Margorie Taylor Green claim to be Christian Nationalists, she has even proposed renaming the Republican Party the Republican Nationalists. And I see the term used frequently in the media. But for the earliest Christians one was not a Christian among and along with many other things; neither did they attach numerous adjectives to that appellation. One was not a Christian nurse, or husband, or politician, or Catholic, or Protestant. You were simply either a Christian or you weren’t. If you were, that determined everything else.

In The Acts of the Apostles, Saint Luke tells his readers without any drama that the disciples, meaning those who accepted the teachings of Jesus and were attempting to spread Christ’s message as taught by the Apostle’s, were called “Christians” for the very first time by the people of Antioch Syria (Acts 11:26). Before that they were known as the people of “the Way” –– meaning, not a doctrine or philosophy, but simply that they were seriously attempting to pattern their manner of life after that of Jesus.

The English word “Christian” is a transliteration rather than translation of the Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning “follower of Christ,” which comes from Χριστός (Christos), with the added ending (iana) Placing this ending, which was borrowed from Latin, at the end of a name, identified someone as a loyal follower, a devoted adherent, or as belonging to something or someone, including, in the sense of a servant or slave. This profound commitment could be, as already suggested, to a philosophical school of thought, a religion, what we would think of as a denomination within a religion, a group sharing the same political interests like the Herodians or Zealots of the New Testament. It was frequently used of those whose primary loyalty was to a general or military commander under whom they served.

Ultimate Concern and Pseudo-gods
My argument that there are no Christian nationalists is a simple one. If being Christian means by definition following Christ–– adhering to the teachings of Jesus and having the same mind and Spirit within ourselves that was in Christ Jesus –– then it is impossible to also be a nationalist as historically understood or as currently advocated by many politicians and religious leaders. Consider the following line of Jesus’s thought and teaching:

Jesus said, “You can’t worship two gods at once. Loving one god, you’ll end up hating the other. Adoration of one feeds contempt for the other. You can’t worship God and money both” (Matthew 6:24 MSG). It is a simple question of what holds the place of ultimacy in our hearts and minds, what the expatriate German theologian Paul Tillich referred to as our “ultimate concern.” For good or ill it is our ultimate concern, what is more important to us than anything else (whether it is truly ultimate or not) that determines the texture of our lives. “Don’t you know,” asked Paul rhetorically, “that when you offer yourselves to someone in obedience, you become the servant of the one you obey” (Romans 6:16)? In his Dynamics of Faith, Tillich noted we human beings are concerned about many things, but faith is the state of being concerned about what is Ultimate. He wrote:

Faith, for the people of the Old Testament, meant a total surrender to the subject of ultimate concern. God is the ultimate concern of every pious Jew and Christian, and therefore in God’s name the great commandment is given: “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might (Deuteronomy 6:5; Matthew 22: 37-38).

My first reason, then, for arguing that there is no such thing as a Christian nationalist, is that to add “nationalist” to or to place it equally alongside “Christian” is idolatrous. It is the worship of a pseudo-god –– of what is less than Ultimate.

But Republican Congresswoman Margorie Taylor Green, conspiracy theorists and proponent of nationalism, belligerently argues to the contrary:

We should be Christian nationalists.” Nationalism is not a bad word. It’s actually a good thing. There’s nothing wrong with leading with your faith. . . If we do not live our lives and vote like we are nationalists—caring about our country, and putting our country first and wanting that to be the focus of our federal government—if we do not lead that way, then we will not be able to fix it.

Notice how Margie seems to begin with Christian faith, but ends with the state, not Christ at the center. If you go back and listen to what was being said by nearly all Christians in Germany as Hitler rose to and consolidated his power and control, the similarity with so-called Christian nationalism today is, although it should not be, astonishing.

Under his Nazification process, Hitler attempted to create a unified Protestant Reich Church, and a totally synchronized German culture. “Deutschland über alles!” (“Germany Above All”) was the watch cry, which, of course, really meant Der Führer über alles. Either way the slogan is, to Jews and Christians, blasphemous. The German greeting or salute, “Heil Hitler,” was, in fact, a symbol of absolute obedience to Hitler. However, the man who said in the 2016 election: “If Jesus Christ came down from heaven and told me something different than what Trump said, I would still believe Trump,” was no less idolatrous. If someone chooses to be a pagan that is certainly their right, and far be it from me to interfere with their practice. One can be, theologically or philosophically, whatever one chooses unless two choices are mutually exclusive. So I am simply arguing that one cannot be both a pagan and a Christian, a nationalist and Christian, at the same time, any more than one can be anxiously relaxed.

With Hitler’s help Nazi sympathizers in the German Church known as the “German Christians” gained control of the protestant church in Germany. Bishops and pastors who did not support the government were dismissed and, if they did not go quietly were jailed. Many dissenting clergy were tortured or disappeared by the Gestapo. Among the so called “reforms” instituted by these German nationalists was the removal of the Old Testament, which they saw as an exclusively Jewish book, from the Bible. They rewrote the great confessions as well as the New Testament to reflect a more aggressive and militant Jesus –– a figure more in line with Nietzsche who saw Jesus’s kindness, compassion, and humility as weakness. The Ten Commandments were substituted with twelve new ones, which now began with, “Honor your Fuhrer.”  All German pastors were ordered to swear a loyalty oat to Hitler on his 49nth birthday. Martin Niemöller, Karl Bath, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer were perhaps the best known among the scholars and pastors, both in Germany and internationally, to urge Christians to keep the faith, to be courageous, and to peacefully resist, but the absolutely overwhelming majority of Christians in Germany, both Protestant and Catholic, acquiesced to Hitlers demands. My argument is that in doing so they ceased to be Christian –– became the followers of Hitler and demonic forces rather than Jesus of Nazareth. Became Nazis rather than Christians. There were a few, very few, known as the “Confessing Church “who told Hitler “NO!” Some even said it to Hitler’s face. Among them was Martin Niemöller, who was held in prison by the Gestapo for eight years until liberated by the Allies; Karl Barth escaped with his life to Switzerland, and Bonhoeffer was hanged. But in this their fate was no different than others of the Confessing Church who adopted Acts 5:29 as their motto: “We must obey God rather than men.”

The Mark of a Christian
My second reason for rejecting nationalism, is rooted in some of Jesus’s final words spoken that last night just before he was betrayed, brutally beaten, and crucified. With the end fast approaching and little time left to remind his disciples of his most significant and essential instructions Jesus said: “A new command I give you. Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another” (John 13:34-35). How can we know someone is a follower of Jesus? By their practice of love. How can we know someone has learned and internalized the lessons Jesus taught? By their acts of love. How are we to determine someone is Christian? By the love in them, and through them, and around them. By their loving in the same way Jesus loved; which is to say, that they love as God loves. This is the essential mark signifying one is Christian.

But what does it mean for one person to love another –– or to love God? The two main Hebrew Words for love are “ahab” and “hesed.” The first means a very strong feeling, including things like affection, sexual desire and intense parental concern. It is an inner force which leads to positive action, or even self-sacrifice in order to obtain the happiness of a loved one. It’s what compels a mother to rush back into a burning house to save her child. “Hesed,” depending on the context, can mean devotion, mercy, kindness, compassion, or unswerving commitment. Used as love for God “ahab” and “hesed” mean we have aligned ourselves with the purposes, values, goals, will, and dreams of God for all humanity. The English word “love” in the Greek New Testament, as most people who have listened or slept through very many sermons know, is a translation of “agapē. “The Latin is “caritas” from which our word “charity” is derived. The Greeks actually had four words for love, each with a different emphasis where we must make do with just the one. The simplest and most concise way I can think to define “agapē,”  is to say: Agapē, is acting without preconditions or for personal benefit in the legitimate best interest of another where, and in whatever way, we have the ability to do so. But the following quotation from M. Scott Peck is accurate and perhaps more helpful, and, I think, applies equally well to both love of God and others:

Love is as love does. Love is action. It is conscious striving for the beloved. It is willful thoughtfulness properly planned and executed. Love is what is expressed in acts of love. It is volitional, not emotional. He or she who loves is engaged in works of love. When you love somebody, ask yourself, “What acts of love have I done for them?” When somebody tells you they love you, try to see beyond the words: are there any acts in the foreground – or even in the background? Love is not a feeling that sits; it is a force that acts. Words of love, feelings of love, and fallings in love are not necessarily bad or empty, provided they are followed by relevant action.

We can say then that to be a follower of Christ is to follow the path of caritas in the same way as Jesus –– it is to love as Christ loved. The world cannot judge whether we are Christian by the correctness of our doctrine, theology, or the way we worship. But the watching world has every right to determine the reality of our faith by our practice of love.

Contrasts
Now pretty much everyone, maybe other than Frederick Nietzsche or a true nihilist here and there, claims to be loving. Nationalists even claim to, “own the compassion thing.” It is more than a little difficult to define just what love is, but maybe contrasting the teachings of Jesus with recent assertions of nationalism will help to clarify, not only the  meaning of love, but some of the real differences between following Christ and following Republican Nationalism. With this in mind, then, consider the following:

Jesus said: “I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven” (Matthew 5:44-45).
Nationalism says: “Smash them in the mouth, carry them out on a stretcher.” Hang them! Shoot them! Lock them up! Pray for the President’s death.”

Jesus said: “If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also” (Matthew 5: 38-39).
Nationalism says: “We’ve turned the other cheek, and I understand, sort of, the biblical reference — I understand the mentality — but it’s gotten us nothing.” Apparently, what is right is whatever gets you what you want.

Jesus taught: The Way is the way of nonviolence, there are things worth dying for but not killing for: “Put your sword back in its place for all who draw the sword will die by the sword. Do you think I cannot call on my Father, and he will at once put at my disposal more than twelve legions of angels? (Matthew 26:52-53) “I lay down my life—only to take it up again. No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord” (John 10:17-118). “Then Jesus said to his disciples, ‘Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me will find it'” Matthew 16:24-26)?
Nationalism says: “Jesus’s problem was that he didn’t have enough AR15s to defend himself” (Eric Trump). “Water boarding is great, but we don’t go far enough” (Donald Trump).

Jesus said: “Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you” (Matthew 5: 42). Jesus taught, citing Leviticus 19:18, that the second great precept to be followed is love of Neighbor, and that the question which follows that precept is not who is our neighbor. but whose neighbor can we be. “You shall love your neighbor as yourself” (Matthew 19:19; 22:39; 22:34-40; Mark 12:31;12: 28-31; Luke 10:27;25-37; John 13:34-35).
Nationalism says: “The poor are scammers, thieves, takers, free loaders living high on whatever type of assistance they may receive. The poor are poor because they are lazy. You can’t help children in poverty because parents will then just waste more money on drugs. It is just too difficult to do anything about poverty –– there will always be poor people because they won’t help themselves. Assistance to the poor is stealing from people who have worked hard, and that’s not fair. The poor ought to pay taxes before getting help. When and how much I give to charity should be my personal decision.” As Romney rather infamously said:

All right, there are 47 percent who are dependent upon government, who believe that they are victims, who believe the government has a responsibility to care for them, who believe that they are entitled to health care, to food, to housing, to you-name-it — that that’s their entitlement. And the government should give it to them. These are people who pay no income tax. . . . My job is not to worry about those people. I’ll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives.”

Jesus said: Predatory lenders and economic vultures: “Love . . . preening in the radiance of public flattery, basking in prominent positions. . . And all the time they are exploiting the weak and helpless. . . But they’ll pay for it in the end” (Luke 20:47-47 MSG).
Republican Nationalists say: “Eliminate restrictions and regulations on how Wall Street does business.” Cut taxes for the wealthy. Deny sustainable wages and health care.

Christianity says: “Love does not insist on getting its own way  –– is willing to forgoe its rights to secure the rights of others”(1 Corinthians 13:5).
Nationalists say: “This is a free country. I don’t have to wear a mask or get a Covid vaccination for the common good. I will kill in defense of that right.”

Jesus said: “If you had any idea what this Scripture meant—‘I prefer a flexible heart to an inflexible ritual’—you wouldn’t be nitpicking like this” (Matthew:6b-7MSG). He taught that the wise and good person knowns when and under what circumstances to apply the letter of the law, and when and where mercy must triumph over the law (James 2:13; Mark 3:4; Matthew 12:2; Matthew 12:2b-8).
Nationalism says: There can be no exception to the law regardless the circumstances. If the life of the mother is in danger –– too bad! No abortion. If a ten-year-old has been impregnated by rape she must bear the child. If the baby is dead inside the mother’s womb and there are complications the answer is still: “No!” There are, of course, exceptions that can be made in certain cases; that is, in cases involving the nationalist him or herself. Forgiveness of student loans is unfair, unjust, unethical, immoral, and bad for the economy, but if you want to forgive my multimillion dollar “business loan” it is fair, ethical, moral, and sound financial practice. I am referring, obviously to people like Curt Shilling, who said of Biden’s student loan forgiveness, “This isn’t loan forgiveness. It’s a generation of lazy unaccountable uneducated children being covered by hard working debt paying Americans.” It turns out Shilling once defaulted on a $75,000,000 loan from the state of Rhode Island.

Jesus says: “Make a tree good and its fruit will be good, or make a tree bad and its fruit will be bad, for a tree is recognized by its fruit (Matthew 5:33). Purity of heart, the desire to be a good person, humility, courage, common moral decency, honesty, mercy, and integrity all matter –– character matters (Matthew 5:2-48; 7:15-20; 12:33-37).
Nationalists say: “A leader’s character does not matter. What is important is that he or she follows certain policies.” When Clinton had sex with a young emotionally needy girl, a lowly intern, they thought character did matter. When Clinton cruelly bombed Iraq to distract from his destructive sexual misconduct, they though character mattered. And they were right. Clinton would have been a far better president were he not a sex addict. But in justifying rape, predatory sexuality, congenital lying, fraud, violence, and the cruelty of Trump as matters of indifference they are wrong!

Jesus said: “For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me” (Matthew 25:35). In the Bible the “stranger” (Exodus 22:21; Leviticus 19:34) is a refugee, an exile, immigrant, or foreigner. The word has no reference to legal or illegal status since the idea of countries with borders to keep people out is only of fairly recent origin. In ancient Israel, and with Jesus, the stranger is to be shown hospitality and has the same legal rights as everyone else.
Nationalism says: When immigrants show up at the border take away their babies, give their children away, crowd them in hellish quarters, starve them, give them no water to drink, make them sleep standing up. Make them suffer so much they will quit coming. How many people should be allowed into the country is a matter of legitimate debate, how they should be treated when they come to the door begging to be let in is not.

Conclusion
Well that should be sufficient to make the point. If I go any further I might as well quote all four Gospels in full. In concluding I will simply reiterate: There is no such thing as Christian Nationalism –– there is certainly a Republican Nationalism, but no Christian Nationalism. As a Christian I am obviously opposed to nationalism; however, my argument here has not been to show that it is wrong, but that it is un-Christian –– anti-Christian. But maybe nationalism is the very thing you want and desire. It’s just that if you have consecrated your heart to the Jesus Way you should make no mistake about it, nationalism is merely a crude attempt to hijack a religion centered in the love and grace of God, in concern for one’s neighbors, in compassion for the neediest and most vulnerable among us, and then to use it as a means of imposing am ugly political ideology that is both irrational and heartless. But as I say, the choice is certainly yours to make.

This Is The Way The World Ends

This Is The Way The World Ends
A Lenten Meditation
Fr. Larry

 

This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.

T. S. Eliot, The Hollow Men 1927

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The Last Discernable Sound

I think I was a high school freshman when I first read T. S. Eliot’s poem “The Hollow Men.” It’s depiction of those who live empty lives––split between thought and action, unable to either cross the swollen river into hell itself or to plead for redemption, living lives of “neither infamy nor praise,” roiled my adolescent fears of living a pointless, meaningless, “hollow,” life. But I found Eliot’s notion of the world ending in a “whimper” rather than a “bang,” somewhat puzzling.

The church in which I grew up took all biblical images of the end of the world rather literally, and so I imagined the final cataclysm would be deafening as the whole universe collapsed and dissolved in cosmic fire. Later I thought God might choose to let human beings destroy themselves, not something without biblical precedent, and annihilate the world in a nuclear conflagration, which I also suspected would be pretty loud. I read somewhere that Stephen Hawking considered an “impact event,” a collision with an asteroid, to be the biggest threat to the survival of the planet. I imagine that would be earsplitting; or, as my mother used to say: “So loud you can’t hear yourself think.” And certainly, if in five billion years or so the earth is pulled into the sun it will make, although no one will be around to hear it at the precise moment of occurrence, a rather horrific noise. But more and more I find myself wondering if Eliot was not right:

This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.

Eliot was an Anglo Catholic Christian (Church of England), and his poetry and his plays were serious looks at the struggle of the individual, society, and church to live out the reality of faith. Humanity’s failure in these three dimensions of its existence apparently suggested to Eliot that far from climaxing in anything spectacular, the last tick of humanity’s final hour will be nothing more than the feeble sound of inarticulate impotence.

Silently Comes the Apocalypse

As I write the global Climate Change Conference (COP26) has just concluded, and the international media has begun to chronicle humanity’s paralysis between “thought and action”–– its inability to boldly cross the river into hell or courageously seek redemption: From all over the world the report is the same: “Still on the Road to Hell,” “Cop Out!” “World Remains off Target,” “Climate Change Poses Existential Threat for Democracies,” “Our Leaders Fail Us At COP 26.” Not only the constantly escalating climate crisis which will render large parts of the world, including vast regions of North America, uninhabitable and create levels of starvation and human migration of apocalyptic proportions; but, also the spiritual and disastrous social and economic effects of racial inequality, poverty level wages, growing wealth inequality, the continuous erosion of democratic norms, the inability to deal with COVID 19, as well as probable future more lethal pandemics, sanely and pragmatically, the carnage in Ukraine, and the growing malignancy of pathological violence at every level all indicate the demise of humanity––whimpering in its long dystopian march.

Few people expect any help to come from the institutional church or religion whether of the conservative or liberal genre. They are not likely to be disappointed in their expectations. The Pew Research Center has found that a significant number of people with a white protestant background have (since 2016) adopted the evangelical label because of its association with conservative Republicanism, and as a declaration of support for Donald Trump rather than because of any theological or spiritual affinity they have for the Christ. In fact, many Americans who embrace the evangelical identity are people who hardly ever attend the religious services of any denomination. They have simplistically melded quasi-religious beliefs and political ideology to create a movement that is about neither politics nor religion but pathological anger, fear, and power.

Liberal Christianity offers a way out of the often-un-kind, un-thinking un-Christian attitudes associated with contemporary evangelical-fundamentalism, but not a way out of the dead-end reality in which humanity is trapped. Mainline, or progressive churches, prefer a buffet spirituality with lots of choices––choices that are smooth and go down easy. In spite of all the talk of a new and exciting form of Christianity emerging among them, mainline churches and their tofu faith are rapidly disappearing from the buffet.

The Human Situation and a Question

My point is simply this, the signs of our time, including those of a religious and spiritual, or ecclesiastical, nature, indicate that we are rapidly moving toward a dystopian world that will end: “Not with a bang, but a whimper.” This is not a Nostradamus like prophecy, and it may yet be that somewhere humanity may find the love, the wisdom, and the will to preserve itself and the planet longer and at a higher level than what now seems possible, but at the moment things do not feel that optimistic. After all, we do live in the golden age of moral and spiritual stupidity. Somewhere among my saved cartoons I have one of a man crawling across the floor of a vast desert. From the tracks behind him it can be seen that he has already crawled a very long way across the burning sand. His beard has grown, his clothes are in tatters, he is perishing from thirst. In the distance a camel is crawling across the same barren desert toward him. From the tracks of the camel, it is obvious it too has crawled a very long way, but from the opposite direction. In the caption the man is saying to himself: “This is not an encouraging sign.” This is the current human situation. Facing this “existential threat” (the end of our existence), raises for each of us the question posed by the Apostle: “How, then, should we live? What sort of people ought we to be?”

Christians in Apocalyptic Time

The Canadian theologian J. M. Tillard asked, “Are we the last Christians?” He answered his own question by saying that we are not the last Christians, but we are the last of conventional Christianity, that Christianity which has been culturally and institutionally accepted but not lived. Tillard’s rhetorical question was aimed in the right direction, but I think the point needs to be sharpened. The one question is not where or why I am placed in a particular moment of historical time, but what does this moment require of me? Faith itself is not so much intellectual assent to one proposition or another as it is a response to God. No matter what the situation the question for both the church and the individual Christian is always the same: What does faith require of me in the here and now? What is Christ asking of me in this present moment?

In 1 Peter 1:1, The Apostle alludes to his fellow Jews living in Greco -Roman cities outside their homeland as scattered exiles, dispersed aliens, and strangers. They were Jews of the dispersion, or diaspora, because they were scattered or dispersed far from their true home––strangers in strange lands. Peter uses this language of the diaspora, this image, as a metaphor for Christians––particularly for those Christians living in the cities and Roman provinces of Asia Minor. He is urging persecuted and oppressed Christians in their small communities of faith to think of themselves as foreign immigrants, resident aliens, scattered throughout the Roman Empire in the larger centers of humanity and worldly power. Karl Rahner, whom many believe to have been the greatest Catholic theologian of the twentieth century, recognized that what those Christians and communities of faith were called to be and do in the early centuries is what both the present and the near future require of us; that, quite simply, we are urged to live in the world as resident aliens and as the community of the diaspora. All that will mean is not entirely clear, but certain characteristics as well as questions are beginning to emerge and can be outlined as follows:

1) Karl Rahner was right when he said: “The Christians of the future will either be mystics, or they will cease to be Christians at all.” By “mystic” Rahner meant a man or woman who has experienced the depths of God (the presence of God) within, someone who has discovered immediate communion with Christ, who has, so to speak, had a first-hand encounter with the Spirit. Whether in the world as presently constituted or in the more apocalyptic form taking shape on the horizon, Christianity as an ideology, or as the notion (as an Episcopal priest once told me) that “it’s a pretty good way to live,” or as an intellectual belief or doctrine, or philosophical system will simply not be sufficient to sustain either the spiritual life of the individual or the church
2) Communities of faith are likely to be small in the future. For one thing the numerical growth of believers will not keep up with the overall growth in population. For another, the spiritual path of Jesus will prove increasingly too difficult for many to walk. Certainly, the growing psychological dysfunction of individuals and families, the moral and ethical dissipation of society in general, and the debilitating problems rooted in addiction make a genuinely spiritual life based on the teaching of any faith tradition a less and less likely choice. In short, the freedom to choose the Good becomes more restricted all the time.
3) How will the church, passionate but with few human or financial resources function?
4) What pastoral care and spiritual direction practices will be best as life in the United States and Western Europe approaches third world conditions or worse?
5) How are qualified pastors and priests to be trained as the whole seminary system, already financially unfeasible for both students and institutions, continues to collapse and disappear?
6) What needs to be done to prepare laity in the skills, theological understanding, Biblical knowledge, and spiritual wisdom for what will inevitably be a greater role in leadership, worship, and ministry in a dystopian world?
7) What forms of ministry will best serve the needs of the church and the larger society?
8) What will it mean to be a confessing Christian or church where there is persecution? How can the faithful be prepared for such times?
9) How can we minister effectively to the displaced, to climate and war refugees, and to people in the midst of mass migration?
10) What will it mean for the American church to witness to peace and justice in a world of catastrophic need and perhaps autocratic power.
11) How and/or can Christians become churches that are arks of safety in a violent and chaotic world?
12) As a final question I will pose this one: “How can the Christian and the church of the future be genuinely and courageously moral without being moralistic or clichéd.? How can they be “in the world, but not of the world.”

This list is, of necessity, simple and incomplete but I hope suggestive of the preparations the company of the committed ought to already be considering.

Conclusion

Every attempt to look into the future is obviously fraught with problems, and like the ancient people of Israel we want to believe all is well, that all will be well, even as the city walls are being pulled down and the gates set on fire. As Rahner noted: “The basic tendency with us is to defend what has been handed down, not to prepare for a situation which is still to come. But a look into the distance is necessary if we are not to be whimpering cowards.”

This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.

The Quest / The Book God Breathed / FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions (4)
Larry Hart

The following questions and responses (divided into four separate posts) are related to podcasts 19-24 on Larry’s Inklings. If you prefer listening to reading the questions and answers you can find them as audio on Larry’s Inklings (Podcasts 25-28).

 

Q) What is the synoptic problem? Does it have any good solutions?

A) The Synoptic Problem is not a problem in the sense of an unwelcome or hurtful difficulty to be dealt with, but rather a problem in the way that a math question in a textbook is a problem. As you probably know, the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, are called “the Synoptic Gospels” because they can be “seen together” (syn-optic). They can even be easily arranged in three parallel columns and read together. There are, however, some important differences in their wording and in the order in which they place stories and events. But sometimes they are very close in their wording. So, scholars who spend their days and nights wondering about such things pose the question: “What is the relationship between these three Gospels, what accounts for their similarities and differences.” They want to know things like: “Are they so similar in some instances because they were all dependent on the same oral tradition or maybe some other written source? Or are they somehow dependent on each other? Can we determine which was written first and which was written last; that is, can their priority be established like a geologist determining which rock formations are the oldest and which the youngest? That’s the Synoptic Problem; or, I would say: “That’s the Synoptic Question.”

Explaining the relationship between the Synoptic Gospels begins, according to scholars, by observing that Matthew and Luke have a lot of material they share with one another as well as with Mark. Scholars, therefore, hypothesize what is known as “the priority of Mark”––that Mark was written first, and then Matthew using Mark as a source wrote his Gospel. Finally, Luke also relying on Mark and adding material unique to him, wrote the third Gospel. One reason for claiming the priority of Mark’s Gospel is that where the wording of a text in Luke may differ from that of Matthew it will agree with Mark, and where Matthew may differ from Luke he will retain the wording in Mark. Scholars believe this  indicates that Matthew and Luke both used Mark as a common source in writing their Gospels.

It is also argued that since Mark is the shortest of the Gospels and does not include material found in Matthew and Luke it is more likely that Matthew and Luke expanded upon Mark’s material than that Mark edited down Matthew and Luke. In short, it is argued that it makes more sense to say that Mark wrote a Gospel before Matthew wrote his that didn’t contain a story about Jesus’s birth and infancy than that Mark chose to delete the story despite its being there in Matthew.

So that’s the Synoptic Problem or Question, and its most accepted solution or answer according to both conservative and liberal scholars who conclude that Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source in writing their Gospels. That is a reasonable guess; although, there is no way of being absolutely certain.

Q) I keep reading about the Q sayings, but I am not sure what is meant, or its relevance for Scripture study.

A) This is a good follow up question to the last one. In answering that question, I noted that most scholars believe Matthew and Luke used The Gospel According to Mark as a source in writing their Gospels. There are a number of other things, mainly sayings of Jesus, which Matthew and Luke have in common but which do not occur in Mark. Sometimes the wording of these sayings shared by Matthew and Luke is so close as to be nearly identical, suggesting that there was another source other than Mark, a second source that Matthew and Luke used. The word for “source” in German is “Quelle,” and so when scholars want to refer to this second source they simply say “Q”––the first letter of “Quelle.”

No one knows whether Q was a part of the general oral tradition about Jesus, whether it was a person or persons Matthew and Luke both interviewed, whether it was something more like notes or perhaps a brief letter or letters they both had access to, or whether it was something more like the gospels they themselves wrote––The Gospel According to Q if you will. All of these are, in whole or part, possibilities. None can be proven or disproven. It may be that the whole thing is as simple as Mark having been written first, Matthew using Mark, and Luke relying on Matthew while adding material he himself had discovered.

Non-confessing scholars like to believe that Q was an actual written document that they can reconstruct by analyzing Matthew and Luke. In fact, so they claim, they cannot only reconstruct it but can determine its various literary layers and describe the imagined community in which it was written. Quite a feat for a document that exists only in the imagination.

Non-confessing scholars like to think that Q was an actual document, a Gospel like the Four Gospels of the New Testament, because that would, in their estimation, discredit the Christian faith. Their logic runs like this: Q, in so far as it is possibly found in Matthew and Luke, is for the most part, not entirely but for the most part, a compilation of Jesus’s sayings. Maybe the first gospels to be written were like that––made no great claims like, Matthew, Luke, Mark, or John, as to Jesus’s identity or deeds––no story of any unusual circumstances surrounding his birth, no resurrection, no post Easter appearances, and no ascension. Maybe they were just scrolls of Jesus’s sayings like, “Love your enemies, and do good to those who persecute you.” Or, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.” However, even if tomorrow a team of archeologists excavating Caesarea Philippi in the Golan Heights found a perfectly preserved copy of only Jesus’s sayings (no actions or events) which could be scientifically dated to 40 C.E. my question would be: “So what?” We know from Luke that numerous attempts were made to provide an account of Jesus. My personal assumption is that someone may very well have recorded only the sayings of Jesus; and for all we know someone else composed a scroll to which they gave the title: “The Movements and Actions of Jesus From His Baptism to the Hill of Golgotha.” What would be disconcerting is a scroll purporting to be quotations of Jesus claiming he said things that contradict what he says in the canonical Gospels: “Truly, truly! Violence is sometimes the solution.” Or, “Be aggressive! Loving your enemy and turning your cheek does not work.” The whole matter is  obviously more complicated than I have stated it here, but basically that’s what I think about Q. For something more comprehensive I would suggest reading Mark Goodacre and Nicholas Perrin, Questioning Q.

Q) What do you mean by reading Scripture for formation rather than transformation?

A) I am not sure what more or differently I can say from what I have said or written many times. So, I will be very brief. To read for information is to read for facts, for mental apprehension, for intellectual mastery. We live under the illusion that if we can know enough about an object, an idea, a doctrine, a process, a person, or even God, we can manage it to make things better, safer, more secure, less fearful, happier for ourselves. We may even mean well in this desire to control matters. We may sincerely believe if everyone would do what we think best everyone would be much happier. And so, we read the Bible, or listen to sermons, or buy the latest self-help book for information that will give us the ability to manage life and manage it well.

To read for transformation is a kind of deep listening––listening openly and honestly for what God may have to say to us. It is not so much an attempt to extract a spiritual meaning from the text as it is an openness and willingness to let its meaning emerge within us. It requires a kind of contemplative attitude, a spiritual surrender rather than trying to dominate the text––a love and trust for the Holy Spirit’s work in us. Not everyone seems to have the spiritual capacity for this, but if you want to explore the difference between reading for information and reading for spiritual formation a little further, I suggest M. Robert Mulholland’s book Shaped By the Word, as well as Watchman Nee’s What Shall This Man Do?

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